*Description: See README File

clear
use "D:\Dropbox\Dropbox\Lueck and Parker\JAERE submission\Final Version 2024\Data and Code for Replication\organization1860_1920.dta"

joinby STATEFIP year using "D:\Dropbox\Dropbox\Lueck and Parker\JAERE submission\Final Version 2024\Data and Code for Replication\panel1860_1920.dta", unmatched(master) _merge(_merge)

*Interpolating data for within decades to create annual panel for 1860-1920

bysort STATEFIP: ipolate farms_ year, g(farms_ipo)
bysort STATEFIP: ipolate facres_ year, g(facres_ipo)
bysort STATEFIP: ipolate avfsize_ year, g(avfsize_ipo)
bysort STATEFIP: ipolate farm500_ year, g(farm500_ipo)
bysort STATEFIP: ipolate farm1000_ year, g(farm1000_ipo)
bysort STATEFIP: ipolate pop_ year, g(pop_ipo)
bysort STATEFIP: ipolate fiacres_ year, g(fiacres_ipo)
bysort STATEFIP: ipolate area_ year, g(area_ipo)
bysort STATEFIP: ipolate natpop_ year, g(natpop_ipo)
bysort STATEFIP: ipolate urb100k year, g(urb100k_ipo)
bysort STATEFIP: ipolate prurb100k year, g(prurb100k_ipo)

*Labeling Variables
label var farms_ipo "# of farms"
label var facres_ipo "# of acres in farms"
label var avfsize_ipo "mean farm size"
label var farm500_ipo "# of farms greater than 500 acres"
label var farm1000_ipo "# of farms greater than 1000 acres"
label var pop_ipo "population"
label var fiacres_ipo "improved farm acres"
label var area_ipo "state total land acres"
label var natpop_ipo "native (US) born population"
label var urb100k_ipo "population in cities > 100k pop"
label var prurb100k_ipo "% of population in cities > 100k pop"

*Joining with Agency Formation Years 
drop _merge


joinby state using "D:\Dropbox\Dropbox\Lueck and Parker\JAERE submission\Final Version 2024\Data and Code for Replication\Agency_Form_Years.dta", unmatched(master) _merge(_merge)
drop _merge

*Generating variables for non farm acres and unimproved farm acres
gen nfacres_ipo=totacres-facres_ipo
gen fuiacres_ipo=facres_ipo-fiacres_ipo
gen nfacres_ = totacres-facres_
gen fuiacres_=facres_-fiacres_

gen lnnfacres_ipo=ln(nfacres_ipo)
gen lnfiacres_ipo=ln(fiacres_ipo)
gen lnfuiacres_ipo = ln(fuiacres_ipo)
gen lnfacres_ipo=ln(facres_ipo)
gen lnpop_ipo=ln(pop_ipo)
gen lnfarm500_ipo=ln(farm500_ipo +1)
gen lnavfsize_ipo=ln(avfsize_ipo)
gen lnfarm1000_ipo=ln(farm1000_ipo + 1)
gen lnprecip=ln(precip_inch)
gen lnmeanelev=ln(mean_elev_ft)
gen lnelevspan=ln(elev_span_ft)
gen perfiacres_ipo=(fiacres_ipo/totacres)
gen perfuiacres_ipo=(fuiacres_ipo/totacres)
gen lntotacres=ln(totacres)
gen pernat_ipo =natpop_ipo/pop_ipo

*Creating Hazard Framework*
drop if year<1870
stset year, id(STATEFIP) failure(wildlife==1)

*Generating 1890 census regions*
*Minor Divisions in 1890 Census*

gen region1=0
replace region1=1 if state=="Connecticut"|state=="Maine"|state=="New Hampshire"|state=="Vermont"|state=="Massachusetts"|state=="Rhode Island"
replace region1=2 if state=="New Jersey"|state=="New York"|state=="Pennsylvania"
replace region1=3 if state=="Illinois"|state=="Indiana"|state=="Michigan"|state=="Ohio"|state=="Wisconsin"
replace region1=4 if state=="Iowa"|state=="Kansas"|state=="Minnesota"|state=="Missouri"|state=="Nebraska"|state=="North Dakota"|state=="South Dakota"
replace region1=5 if state=="Delaware"|state=="Virginia"|state=="Florida"|state=="Georgia"|state=="North Carolina"|state=="South Carolina"|state=="Maryland"|state=="West Virginia"
replace region1=6 if state=="Alabama"|state=="Mississippi"|state=="Kentucky"|state=="Tennessee"
replace region1=7 if state=="Arkansas"|state=="Louisiana"|state=="Texas"|state=="Oklahoma"
replace region1=8 if state=="Arizona"|state=="Colorado"|state=="Idaho"|state=="Montana"|state=="Nevada"|state=="New Mexico"|state=="Utah"|state=="Wyoming"
replace region1=9 if state=="California"|state=="Oregon"|state=="Washington"

tab region1, gen(reg1)

*Major Divisions in 1890 Census*
*1 = North Atlantic: ME, NH, NH, VT, MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, PA
*2 = South Atlantic: DE, MD, DC, VA, WV, NC, SC, GA, FL
*3 = North Central: OH, IN, IL, MI, WI, MN, IA, MO, SD, ND, NE, KS
*4 = South Central: KY, TN, AL, MS, LA, TX, OK, AR
*5 = Western:  MT, WY, CO, NM, AZ, UT, NV, ID, WA, OR, CA

gen region2=0
replace region2=1 if region1==1|region1==2
replace region2=2 if region1==3|region1==4
replace region2=3 if region1==5
replace region2=4 if region1==6|region1==7
replace region2=5 if region1==8|region1==9

tab region2, gen(reg2)

*Generating Sportsman Group Time-Invariant Variable
gen sportgr_1891=0
replace sportgr_1891=1 if state=="California"|state=="Connecticut"|state=="Delaware"|state=="Illinois"|state=="Indiana"|state=="Massachusetts"|state=="Michigan"|state=="Missouri"|state=="Nebraska"|state=="New York"|state=="Oregon"|state=="Texas"
label var sportgr_1891 "statewide interest group exists in 1891, according to Tober 1981"

gen sportgr_1870s =0
replace sportgr_1870s=1 if state=="California"|state=="Connecticut"|state=="Delaware"|state=="Kansas"|state=="Kentucky"|state=="Illinois"|state=="Iowa"|state=="Maine"|state=="Maryland"|state=="Massachusetts"|state=="Michigan"|state=="Minnesota"|state=="Missouri"|state=="Nebraska"|state=="New Hampshire"|state=="Ohio"|state=="Pennsylvania"|state=="Rhode Island"|state=="Tennessee"|state=="Vermont"|state=="Virginia"
label var sportgr_1870s "statewide interest group formed during 1870s, according to Tober 1981"

gen sportsgr_any=0
replace sportsgr_any =1 if sportgr_1870s==1|sportgr_1891==1 

gen numb_agen_nw = ag + parks + health + forests + fish   

stset year, id(STATEFIP) failure(wildlife==1)

*Creating time variant measure for number of neighboring states with a wildlife agency 

bys year region1: egen wild_sum = sum(wildlife)
replace wild_sum=0 if wild_sum==.
gen propwild_sum=0
replace propwild_sum=wild_sum/6 if region1==1
replace propwild_sum=wild_sum/3 if region1==2
replace propwild_sum=wild_sum/5 if region1==3
replace propwild_sum=wild_sum/7 if region1==4
replace propwild_sum=wild_sum/4 if region1==6
replace propwild_sum=wild_sum/4 if region1==7
replace propwild_sum=wild_sum/8 if region1==8
replace propwild_sum=wild_sum/3 if region1==9

*Scaling the farm acre, population, and percent urban and native born variables for Summary Statistic Table
gen nfacres000=nfacres_ipo/1000
gen fiacres000=fiacres_ipo/1000
gen fuiacres000=fuiacres_ipo/1000
gen pop000 = pop_ipo/1000
replace prurb100k_ipo=prurb100k_ipo*100
replace pernat_ipo = pernat_ipo*100

*Table A2: Summary Statistics
sum nfacres000 fiacres000 fuiacres000 farm1000_ipo farm500_ipo avfsize_ipo pop000 prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any  propwild_sum numb_agen_nw precip_inch mean_elev_ft if _st ==1  & lnnfacres_ipo~=.

*Table 1: Duration estimates*
eststo clear  
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any lnprecip lnmeanelev,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any lnprecip lnmeanelev reg12-reg19,  nohr robust
esttab, se(%6.3f) b(%6.3f) star(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) keep(propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo) 

*Figure A2, baseline hazard
quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any,  nohr robust
stcurve, hazard

graph save "Graph" "D:\Dropbox\Dropbox\Lueck and Parker\JAERE submission\Final Version 2024\Data and Code for Replication\Log Files\Figure A2.gph", replace

*Table A3: Duration estimates with all coefficients*
eststo clear  
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any lnprecip lnmeanelev,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any lnprecip lnmeanelev reg12-reg19,  nohr robust
esttab, se(%6.3f) b(%6.3f) star(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) keep(propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any lnprecip lnmeanelev) 

*Table A4: Robustness with different measures of farm size
eststo clear  
eststo: quietly stcox lnnfacres_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo  lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo propwild_sum numb_agen_nw sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox lnnfacres_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm500_ipo  lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo propwild_sum numb_agen_nw sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox lnnfacres_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnfuiacres_ipo lnavfsize_ipo  lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo propwild_sum numb_agen_nw sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox lnnfacres_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfarm500_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo propwild_sum numb_agen_nw sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox lnnfacres_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnavfsize_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo propwild_sum numb_agen_nw sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox lnnfacres_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm500_ipo lnavfsize_ipo  lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo propwild_sum numb_agen_nw sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  nohr robus
esttab, se(%6.3f) b(%6.3f) star(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) keep(lnfarm1000_ipo lnfarm500_ipo lnavfsize_ipo)

*Table A5: LPM Models
eststo clear  
eststo: quietly  regress wildlife propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo  lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any if year==1890, robust
eststo: quietly  regress wildlife propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo  lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any reg12-reg19 if year==1890, robust
eststo: quietly  regress wildlife propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo  lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any if year==1900, robust
eststo: quietly  regress wildlife propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo  lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any reg12-reg19 if year==1900, robust
esttab, se(%6.3f) b(%6.3f) star(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) r2 keep(propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo  lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any)

sum wildlife if year==1890
sum wildlife if year==1900

**Adding trespass law from source Trespass Laws.xlxs*
generate trespass =4
replace trespass = 1 if state=="Alabama" & year>=1907
replace trespass =1 if state=="Connecticut"
replace trespass =1 if state=="Delaware" & year>=1873
replace trespass =2 if state=="Florida" & year>=1877
replace trespass =1 if state=="Georgia" & year>=1911
replace trespass =1 if state=="Illinois"
replace trespass =1 if state=="Indiana" & year>=1905
replace trespass =1 if state=="Iowa" & year<=1877
replace trespass =1 if state=="Kansas" & year>=1907
replace trespass =1 if state=="Maryland"
replace trespass =3 if state=="Massachussetts" & year>=1884
replace trespass =3 if state=="Mississippi" & year>=1892
replace trespass =1 if state=="Nebraska" & year>=1901
replace trespass =3 if state=="Nevada" & year>=1912
replace trespass =1 if state=="New Jersey" & year<=1911
replace trespass =3 if state=="New Jersey" & year>1911
replace trespass =3 if state=="New Mexico" & year>=1912
replace trespass =3 if state=="New York" & year>=1909
replace trespass =3 if state=="North Carolina"
replace trespass =3 if state=="North Dakota" & year>=1913
replace trespass =2 if state=="Ohio" & year>=1879
replace trespass =1 if state=="Ohio" & year>=1884
replace trespass =2 if state=="Oklahoma" & year>=1909
replace trespass =3 if state=="Rhode Island" & year>=1902
replace trespass =3 if state=="South Carolina" & year<=1904
replace trespass =1 if state=="South Carolina" & year>=1905
replace trespass =2 if state=="South Dakota" & year>=1909
replace trespass =3 if state=="Tennessee" & year>=1896
replace trespass =1 if state=="Virginia"
replace trespass =4 if state=="Virginia" & year>=1873
replace trespass =3 if state=="Washington" & year >=1909
replace trespass =2 if state=="Washington" & year >=1913
replace trespass =2 if state=="Wisconsin" & year >=1897

gen permiss=0
replace permiss=1 if trespass == 1
gen posting =0
replace posting =1 if trespass==2|trespass==3

*Table A7: Adding trespass laws
eststo clear  
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any permiss posting,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any lnprecip lnmeanelev permiss posting,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any permiss posting reg12-reg19,  nohr robust
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any lnprecip lnmeanelev permiss posting reg12-reg19,  nohr robust
esttab, se(%6.3f) b(%6.3f) star(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) keep(propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any lnprecip lnmeanelev permiss posting) 

*****
*Column 1 of Table 2 and Table A6: Placebo Regressions
eststo clear 
eststo: quietly stcox propwild_sum numb_agen_nw lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo  lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  hr robust

*Column 2 of Table 2 and Table A6: Placebo Regressions
gen coast=0
replace coast=1 if state=="Alabama"
replace coast=1 if state=="California"
replace coast=1 if state=="Connecticut"
replace coast=1 if state=="Delaware"
replace coast=1 if state=="Florida"
replace coast=1 if state=="Georgia"
replace coast=1 if state=="Louisiana"
replace coast=1 if state=="Maine"
replace coast=1 if state=="Maryland"
replace coast=1 if state=="Massachusetts"
replace coast=1 if state=="Mississippi"
replace coast=1 if state=="New Hampshire"
replace coast=1 if state=="North Carolina"
replace coast=1 if state=="Oregon"
replace coast=1 if state=="Rhode Island"
replace coast=1 if state=="South Carolina"
replace coast=1 if state=="Texas"
replace coast=1 if state=="Virginia"
replace coast=1 if state=="Washington"

stset year, id(STATEFIP) failure(fish==1)
gen numb_agen_nf = ag + parks + health + forests + wildlife  

bys year region1: egen fish_sum = sum(fish)
replace fish_sum=0 if fish_sum==.
gen propfish_sum=0
replace propfish_sum=fish_sum/6 if region1==1
replace propfish_sum=fish_sum/3 if region1==2
replace propfish_sum=fish_sum/5 if region1==3
replace propfish_sum=fish_sum/7 if region1==4
replace propfish_sum=fish_sum/4 if region1==6
replace propfish_sum=fish_sum/4 if region1==7
replace propfish_sum=fish_sum/8 if region1==8
replace propfish_sum=fish_sum/3 if region1==9

eststo: quietly stcox propfish_sum numb_agen_nf lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo  lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  hr robust
****

stset year, id(STATEFIP) failure(forests==1)
gen numb_agen_nfr = ag + parks + health + wildlife + fish 

bys year region1: egen forests_sum = sum(forests)
replace forests_sum=0 if forests_sum==.
gen propforests_sum=0
replace propforests_sum=forests_sum/6 if region1==1
replace propforests_sum=forests_sum/3 if region1==2
replace propforests_sum=forests_sum/5 if region1==3
replace propforests_sum=forests_sum/7 if region1==4
replace propforests_sum=forests_sum/4 if region1==6
replace propforests_sum=forests_sum/4 if region1==7
replace propforests_sum=forests_sum/8 if region1==8
replace propforests_sum=forests_sum/3 if region1==9

eststo: quietly stcox propforests_sum numb_agen_nfr lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo  lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  hr robust

stset year, id(STATEFIP) failure(ag==1)
gen numb_agen_na = forests + parks + health + wildlife + fish

bys year region1: egen ag_sum = sum(ag)
replace ag_sum=0 if ag_sum==.
gen propag_sum=0
replace propag_sum=ag_sum/6 if region1==1
replace propag_sum=ag_sum/3 if region1==2
replace propag_sum=ag_sum/5 if region1==3
replace propag_sum=ag_sum/7 if region1==4
replace propag_sum=ag_sum/4 if region1==6
replace propag_sum=ag_sum/4 if region1==7
replace propag_sum=ag_sum/8 if region1==8
replace propag_sum=ag_sum/3 if region1==9

eststo: quietly stcox propag_sum numb_agen_na lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo  lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  hr robust

stset year, id(STATEFIP) failure(health==1)
gen numb_agen_nh = forests + parks + ag + wildlife + fish

bys year region1: egen health_sum = sum(health)
replace health_sum=0 if health_sum==.
gen prophealth_sum=0
replace prophealth_sum=health_sum/6 if region1==1
replace prophealth_sum=health_sum/3 if region1==2
replace prophealth_sum=health_sum/5 if region1==3
replace prophealth_sum=health_sum/7 if region1==4
replace prophealth_sum=health_sum/4 if region1==6
replace prophealth_sum=health_sum/4 if region1==7
replace prophealth_sum=health_sum/8 if region1==8
replace prophealth_sum=health_sum/3 if region1==9

eststo: quietly stcox prophealth_sum numb_agen_nh lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo  lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  hr robust

stset year, id(STATEFIP) failure(parks==1)
gen numb_agen_np = forests + health + ag + wildlife + fish

bys year region1: egen parks_sum = sum(parks)
replace parks_sum=0 if parks_sum==.
gen propparks_sum=0
replace propparks_sum=parks_sum/6 if region1==1
replace propparks_sum=parks_sum/3 if region1==2
replace propparks_sum=parks_sum/5 if region1==3
replace propparks_sum=parks_sum/7 if region1==4
replace propparks_sum=parks_sum/4 if region1==6
replace propparks_sum=parks_sum/4 if region1==7
replace propparks_sum=parks_sum/8 if region1==8
replace propparks_sum=parks_sum/3 if region1==9

eststo: quietly stcox propparks_sum numb_agen_np lnfuiacres_ipo lnfarm1000_ipo lnfiacres_ipo  lnnfacres_ipo lnpop_ipo prurb100k_ipo pernat_ipo sportsgr_any reg12-reg19,  hr robust

esttab, se(%6.3f) b(%6.3f) star(* 0.1 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) 

